Which research method is primarily concerned with gathering numerical data?

Quantitative research is primarily concerned with gathering numerical data. This research method focuses on measuring variables and analyzing numerical data through statistical techniques. The aim is to quantify relationships, behaviors, or phenomena and often involves the use of surveys, experiments, or secondary data analysis that produces quantifiable results.

In contrast, qualitative research focuses on understanding concepts, thoughts, or experiences, often using non-numerical data such as interviews, observations, and open-ended surveys. Mixed-methods research combines both qualitative and quantitative approaches, integrating numerical data with contextual insights. Descriptive research, while it may involve numerical data, primarily serves to describe characteristics or conditions rather than to establish relationships or test hypotheses, which is a key characteristic of quantitative research. Therefore, among the options presented, quantitative research is distinctly defined by its focus on numerical data collection and analysis.